Bhagavad Gita · Arjuna Vishada YogaChapter 1, Shloka 26 (1.26)

"Apaśyat" — Arjuna saw. In 1.22 Arjuna had said, "I want to see whom I must fight." The answer came — but not as he had imagined. He did not see "enemies"; he saw fathers, grandfathers, teachers, uncles, brothers, sons, grandsons, friends.

Who is in the list? Madhusudana Sarasvati gives an example for each relationship (in the Kaurava army):

• Pitṝn (like fathers): such as Bhurishrava — relatives of the father's generation (paternal uncles).
• Pitāmahān (grandfathers): such as Bhishma and Somadatta.
• Ācāryān (teachers): Drona, Kripa.
• Mātulān (maternal uncles): such as Shalya and Shakuni.
• Bhrātṝn (brothers): Duryodhana and the others (cousins).
• Putrān (sons): such as Duryodhana's son Lakshmana — in an Indian family, nephews too are like sons.
• Pautrān (grandsons): the sons of Lakshmana and the others.
• Sakhīn (friends/peers): such as Ashvatthama and Jayadratha.

And Madhusudana adds: "the same should be understood in one's own army too." That is, Arjuna did not see relationships only in the Kaurava army — he saw them on both sides. The next shloka (1.27) also says: senayor ubhayor api — "in both armies".

The order of the list. Fathers, grandfathers, teachers — first of all those owed respect and gratitude. Then uncles and brothers — relationships of equals. Then sons and grandsons — those owed affection and responsibility. Then friends. A whole world, generation upon generation. Many teachers see this as a "camera pan": Arjuna's gaze moves from one face to the next, and every face is a new relationship.

From enemy to person. This is the turning point of the chapter. "Duryodhana's supporters" (1.23) have now become "my grandfather", "my teacher", "my son". The distances that made fighting possible suddenly vanished.